Gordon Coale has a great explanation of how Packard shutters work: the super old-school pneumatic shutters that you can use on large format lenses without shutters of their own.
Used shutters are plentiful on eBay, and you can still buy them new (for a lot more money) from The Packard Shutter Company.
Check out Jim Galli‘s comparison of five old barrel lenses. He set the camera to 40 inches and moved the camera to focus on the flower. Lenses compared are:
The results are gorgeous, and all quite different!
This is what happens when you tilt not the whole lens, but one element of one. I used an 1800s Darlot brass lens with three elements (probably meant to cover half plate as it vignettes on 4×5) with the middle one tilted. On this type of lens it’s common, at least among the ones I have, to get a sharp area in the middle with the focus getting softer as you go farther from the centre. With the tilted element, there was no sharp area at all, just this soft distortion.
Old brass lenses can often be had very cheaply. Most of them were made in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and were hand-polished, so they’re much more irregular than a lens produced with modern manufacturing techniques. These irregularities are really interesting to me, particularly the bits around the edges where the image circle falls apart.
Shooting these things is a bit challenging today, though: they were made a time when everyone was shooting SLOW glass plates, so they’re not mounted in shutters; the shutter times were long enough that you could simply block and un-block the lens with your hand or the lens cap to make the exposure. Many of them don’t have adjustable apertures at all. Some have slots for Waterhouse stops, which are metal tabs each with a different sized hole cut in it, but many don’t even have that, just a single, wide-open aperture. Often this is between f/4 and f/8. If you do the exposure math, you can see that you need a fast shutter time to use them in daylight, even with film that’s slow by contemporary standards. If you’ve got an f/4 lens and ISO 50 film in sunny 16 conditions, that’s 1/800 of a second, which is way too short to accurately time with your hand. You can get pneumatic packard shutters to use with them, but they have rather unpredictable speeds that top out at about 1/25. Not gonna cut it.
So what to do? There seem to be four choices (okay, five… for the daring, there’s the Jim Galli shutter for barrel lenses):
Have a slot cut and a set of Waterhouse stops made. I’d rather shoot these things wide open to get the maximum amount of funk the lens has to offer. If I wanted to stop down and get a sharp image, I’d just shoot a modern lens and wouldn’t bother with the hassle. It’s also expensive.
Shoot a really, really slow emulsion, like collodion or photo paper. I would love to shoot collodion, but it’s a slow process that seems almost insane to attempt in the field. Brilliant for some stuff, a train wreck for others. Paper is cheap and easy to handle, but is very contrasty and therefore not always great for direct sun.
Shoot in really low light. That’s what I did for this one, I was in a room lit by two shaded 40 watt household bulbs. This gives you a long enough shutter time, measured in whole seconds, that you can reasonably time it with your hand or a lens cap. It works, but isn’t the most versatile setup.
Stack a heap of ND filters in front of the lens, blocking enough light that you slow the shutter time down enough that you can use lens cap again. It will probably be a bit of a pain to work out a system that works with a variety of lenses for a reasonable price, but this is what I’m going for.
I’ll be posting on my progress as I go.
Most large format lenses are mounted in shutters, as focal plane shutters for large format are extremely rare. Barrel lenses don’t have them, and are generally used with very slow film and historical plate processes, where the shutter time is long enough that you can just remove the lens cap to make your exposure. What happens when you want to use a barrel lens with modern, faster film?
Enter the Jim Galli shutter, which is a free DIY arrangement:
Drum roll please. The world has been waiting for me to invent this.
Having just purchased a few old LF lenses without shutters, I actually have been waiting for him to invent this. Check it out at APUG.